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西安雙相不銹鋼管的焊接要求

日期:2024-11-23 15:52
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摘要:<span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">西安雙相不銹鋼管的焊接要求</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在石油化工裝置中一種新型鋼材</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">-</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越多。因?yàn)殡p相不銹鋼的屈服強(qiáng)度是普通不銹鋼的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">倍,抗腐蝕性能(特別是在腐蝕性介質(zhì)中)明顯優(yōu)于普通不銹鋼,在石油化工裝置施工中多用在很重要的位置。因此,一般雙相不銹鋼的焊縫要求</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">100%RT</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">檢驗(yàn),對(duì)其焊接接頭的綜合性能的要求也高于一般奧氏體不銹鋼。所以,必須選派焊接經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的奧氏體不銹鋼焊工,經(jīng)培訓(xùn)和考試合格后,才能持證上崗進(jìn)行焊接作業(yè)。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> 1&nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊接性分析</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼焊接時(shí),焊接熱影響區(qū)(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">HAZ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">存在高溫區(qū)和低溫區(qū),低溫區(qū)基本處于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">δ+γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(鐵素體</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">+</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">奧氏體)平衡組織,而高溫區(qū)幾乎為單相</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">δ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">組織,因?yàn)楹缚p根部和表面</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的擴(kuò)散,導(dǎo)致靠近焊縫表面的部位,由于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的損失,鐵素體增加,從而促進(jìn)氮化物的產(chǎn)生,使焊接接頭性能惡化,焊接采用高線能量時(shí),可以得到較多的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相,鐵素體含量低會(huì)促進(jìn)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">δ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相產(chǎn)生,所以容易產(chǎn)生</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">δ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相和粗晶組織;線能量較低時(shí),得不到足夠的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相。如果焊接金屬中</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">δ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相過(guò)多,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">很容易與</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">cγ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">形成化合物,而且析出二次</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">變?yōu)獒槧詈陀鹈珷?,具有魏氏體組織特性,導(dǎo)致焊接接頭力學(xué)性能和耐腐蝕性下降。雙相鋼一般不會(huì)產(chǎn)生</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">δ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相,但如果焊接線能量較高,導(dǎo)致使焊接頭塑性大幅度下降。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> 2&nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊接工藝</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> 2.1&nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">工藝參數(shù)及電特性(見表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> 2.2&nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊接方法</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼薄壁管全部采用</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">GTAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊接,直流正極性。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> 2.3&nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊接設(shè)備</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊機(jī)采用高頻引弧焊機(jī),直流正極性,鎢極直徑</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Φ2.5mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,鎢極端頭用磨光機(jī)磨出錐形,采用大噴嘴。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> 2.4&nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">氣體保護(hù)</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊接保護(hù)氣體采用混合氣體</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ar97.5%+N2.5% </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">進(jìn)行保護(hù),保護(hù)氣采用成品混合氣,要求生產(chǎn)的成品混合比為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ar97.5%+N2.5%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,由于混合氣體中</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ar</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">比</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">多,放置一段時(shí)間后將會(huì)產(chǎn)生分層,影響氣體保護(hù)效果,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)所采用搖勺或加氣體分配器進(jìn)行配比,確保氣體保護(hù)質(zhì)量。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> 2.5&nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">環(huán)境要求</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼焊接要求環(huán)境清潔。無(wú)鐵離子污染,預(yù)置工作將在室內(nèi)進(jìn)行,地面采用膠皮隔離、安裝必須做好環(huán)境保護(hù)。采用防風(fēng)防塵設(shè)施,環(huán)境溫度</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">70</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃,相對(duì)溫度</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">≤90%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,所有與雙相鋼焊接坡口相接觸的,如:焊材、工具、手套等,都必須無(wú)鐵銹污染。坡口均采用坡口機(jī)加工,坡口角度為單邊</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">30°±2.5°</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,鈍邊</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">0~ 0.5mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,單面坡口(見附圖),加工坡口不允許母材產(chǎn)生過(guò)燒變色;其兩側(cè)各</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">50mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以內(nèi)的內(nèi)外表面要進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格清理,清理程序是磨光機(jī)打磨、丙酮(或無(wú)水乙醇)清洗,清洗后不能直接進(jìn)行焊接作業(yè),待坡口端面晾干后方可焊接作業(yè);焊絲也用沾丙酮(或無(wú)水乙醇)的海綿擦拭干凈。對(duì)鐵離子、水銹、油、灰塵、油漆、記號(hào)筆印都必須清理干凈,防止其影響化學(xué)成份和機(jī)械性能。另外,還要注意坡口形狀必須無(wú)凹凸和劃痕,這樣焊接時(shí)電弧在焊道的每一點(diǎn)上都能保證停留相同的時(shí)間,焊接線能量才能確保一致。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> 2.6&nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊接措施</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">盡量采用多層焊,因?yàn)楹罄m(xù)焊道對(duì)前層焊道有熱處理作用,焊縫中的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">δ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)化為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相,使焊接接頭的組織和性能顯著改善,而后一道焊縫處于非工作介質(zhì)面,因?yàn)閷?duì)焊接接頭影響不大,保護(hù)氣采用</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ar97.5%+N2.5%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。因?yàn)楹附痈勘Wo(hù)氣體中加氮?dú)庠黾雍缚p金屬氮量,由于采用多層焊工藝,焊接材料中含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量與母材相當(dāng),而后一道焊縫處于非工作介質(zhì)面,因?yàn)閷?duì)焊接接頭影響不大,采用合適的線能量焊接,使焊接接頭得到足夠的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相,使</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cγ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N1 </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">M</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">有足夠的時(shí)間擴(kuò)散。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> 2.7&nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">坡口的組對(duì)及點(diǎn)焊</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">坡口組對(duì)前應(yīng)仔細(xì)檢查坡口管徑是否相同,錯(cuò)邊應(yīng)控制在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">0.5~1mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">之間,并用磨光機(jī)打磨清理坡口及坡口正反面兩側(cè)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">50mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以內(nèi)的表面,并用丙酮擦試干凈,坡口打磨時(shí)不允許使母材產(chǎn)生過(guò)熱變色。點(diǎn)焊時(shí),應(yīng)采用與正式的焊接工藝相同的參數(shù),點(diǎn)焊長(zhǎng)度為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">7~8mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,高度為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2~ 3mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,點(diǎn)焊點(diǎn)應(yīng)為過(guò)橋型式,不應(yīng)焊透,以防內(nèi)部氧化,點(diǎn)焊電流不宜過(guò)大,點(diǎn)焊點(diǎn)位置應(yīng)在組對(duì)管子的上部及兩側(cè),點(diǎn)固三點(diǎn),從第四點(diǎn)起焊,當(dāng)焊到點(diǎn)焊時(shí),將點(diǎn)固點(diǎn)打磨清理干凈,焊縫組對(duì)間隙應(yīng)控制在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2~2.5mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,間隙不應(yīng)過(guò)大,并留有</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">0~0.5mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的鈍邊。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> 2.8&nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼的焊接操作</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼焊接時(shí),應(yīng)采用正反面氣體保護(hù)焊,正面背面都應(yīng)采用混合氣體</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ar97.5%+N2.5% </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">進(jìn)行保護(hù),焊接前不得在焊件表面引弧和試驗(yàn)電流,焊接時(shí)應(yīng)按指定的焊接作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書進(jìn)行施焊。在焊接前,管子兩端用布或膠皮封好,并留有進(jìn)氣孔和排氣孔,焊縫間隙用膠布貼好,并留有</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">20~30mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的長(zhǎng)度,使管子內(nèi)部的空氣能夠排出,確保焊縫內(nèi)部的氣體保護(hù)效果。焊接時(shí),焊槍不宜擺動(dòng),手法要穩(wěn),嚴(yán)格控制線能量,盡量采用小焊絲,嚴(yán)格控制電流,弧長(zhǎng)盡量壓低控制電壓,盡量用大噴嘴,提高氣體保護(hù)效果,降底</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">O</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">H</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">污染;引、收弧避開點(diǎn)焊點(diǎn),防止產(chǎn)生二次</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">δ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相,引弧點(diǎn)必須在焊道內(nèi)進(jìn)行,不能在母材表面引弧,防止</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">F</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量超標(biāo);點(diǎn)焊點(diǎn)打磨后,封底焊焊接過(guò)程中通過(guò)觀察焊道顏色來(lái)確定焊接氣體保護(hù)效果,采用混合氣體施焊時(shí)焊道好為金黃色,稍差一些為黃銅色,盡量減少焊縫發(fā)藍(lán),杜絕焊道發(fā)灰和發(fā)黑,并嚴(yán)格控制層間溫度,控制熔池在紅熱狀態(tài)下停留時(shí)間。一般來(lái)講,只要保證在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">5~15s</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">時(shí)間內(nèi)熔池由紅轉(zhuǎn)至常規(guī)顏色,就能達(dá)到要求。打底焊的層間溫度</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">≤100</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃,可用遠(yuǎn)紅外激光測(cè)溫儀測(cè)量。當(dāng)層間溫度<</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">100</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃時(shí),才能進(jìn)行下一層焊接,焊接電流不能超過(guò)打底焊的電流,焊**層必須認(rèn)真清理前一層焊道,除消除雜質(zhì)外,連氧化色也需磨去,焊縫內(nèi)部余高應(yīng)控制在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">0.5 ~1mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">;焊縫收弧時(shí)應(yīng)將弧坑填滿,多層焊的層間接頭應(yīng)相互錯(cuò)開,如果焊接作業(yè)時(shí)不慎出現(xiàn)夾鎢時(shí),應(yīng)停止焊接作業(yè),用磨光機(jī)消除鎢點(diǎn),鎢極端部重新磨尖,達(dá)到要求后方可重新進(jìn)行焊接作業(yè),要求與開始焊接作業(yè)相同。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> 2.9&nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊后清理和焊接檢驗(yàn)</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼的焊后清理也很重要,氧化色必須**,因?yàn)檠趸旅婢褪秦氥t層,若不去除將會(huì)導(dǎo)致耐蝕性能下降,去除氧化色可用專用不銹鋼絲刷趁熱擦刷;也可用酸或酸洗膏清洗。去除焊接飛濺,打磨收起弧點(diǎn),去除咬邊和粗毛刺??捎幂^細(xì)的砂輪片或拋光砂輪片研磨,杜絕粗糙打磨痕跡,否則易造成縫隙腐蝕;油污、著色劑、色筆印、灰塵均有可能成為孔腐蝕和縫隙腐蝕的起始點(diǎn),可用硝酸</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">+</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">氫氟酸清洗,然后清水沖洗干凈;焊工應(yīng)對(duì)焊道表面進(jìn)行清理,要求外觀良好,寬度以每邊蓋過(guò)坡口邊緣</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">為宜,角焊縫的焊腳高度符合設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)定外形平穩(wěn)過(guò)渡,焊縫不允許咬邊、裂紋、未焊透、氣孔、夾雜存在。射線探傷方法按《壓力容器無(wú)損檢測(cè)》</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">JB4730-g4</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">執(zhí)行,所有焊道必須進(jìn)行硬度測(cè)定,測(cè)定母材</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">-HAZ-</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊道</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">-HAZ-</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">母材。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> 3&nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">結(jié)束語(yǔ)</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><br /> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">采用上述焊接工藝和焊接操作要領(lǐng),在儀征化纖</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">45</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">萬(wàn)噸</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">/</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">PTA</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">裝置施工過(guò)程中進(jìn)行雙相不銹鋼薄壁管現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施焊,取得了焊縫連續(xù)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">5</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">個(gè)月</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">RT100%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">合格,年度雙相不銹鋼焊接接頭綜合合格率達(dá)到</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">99%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以上的施焊業(yè)績(jī)。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span>

西安雙相不銹鋼管的焊接要求

在石油化工裝置中一種新型鋼材-雙相不銹鋼的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越多。因?yàn)殡p相不銹鋼的屈服強(qiáng)度是普通不銹鋼的2倍,抗腐蝕性能(特別是在腐蝕性介質(zhì)中)明顯優(yōu)于普通不銹鋼,在石油化工裝置施工中多用在很重要的位置。因此,一般雙相不銹鋼的焊縫要求100%RT檢驗(yàn),對(duì)其焊接接頭的綜合性能的要求也高于一般奧氏體不銹鋼。所以,必須選派焊接經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的奧氏體不銹鋼焊工,經(jīng)培訓(xùn)和考試合格后,才能持證上崗進(jìn)行焊接作業(yè)。
1   
焊接性分析
雙相不銹鋼焊接時(shí),焊接熱影響區(qū)(HAZ 存在高溫區(qū)和低溫區(qū),低溫區(qū)基本處于δ+γ(鐵素體+奧氏體)平衡組織,而高溫區(qū)幾乎為單相δ組織,因?yàn)楹缚p根部和表面N的擴(kuò)散,導(dǎo)致靠近焊縫表面的部位,由于N的損失,鐵素體增加,從而促進(jìn)氮化物的產(chǎn)生,使焊接接頭性能惡化,焊接采用高線能量時(shí),可以得到較多的γ相,鐵素體含量低會(huì)促進(jìn)δ相產(chǎn)生,所以容易產(chǎn)生δ相和粗晶組織;線能量較低時(shí),得不到足夠的γ相。如果焊接金屬中δ相過(guò)多,N很容易與形成化合物,而且析出二次γ變?yōu)獒槧詈陀鹈珷?,具有魏氏體組織特性,導(dǎo)致焊接接頭力學(xué)性能和耐腐蝕性下降。雙相鋼一般不會(huì)產(chǎn)生δ相,但如果焊接線能量較高,導(dǎo)致使焊接頭塑性大幅度下降。
2   
焊接工藝
2.1   
工藝參數(shù)及電特性(見表2
2.2   
焊接方法
雙相不銹鋼薄壁管全部采用GTAW焊接,直流正極性。
2.3   
焊接設(shè)備
焊機(jī)采用高頻引弧焊機(jī),直流正極性,鎢極直徑Φ2.5mm,鎢極端頭用磨光機(jī)磨出錐形,采用大噴嘴。
2.4   
氣體保護(hù)
焊接保護(hù)氣體采用混合氣體Ar97.5%+N2.5% 進(jìn)行保護(hù),保護(hù)氣采用成品混合氣,要求生產(chǎn)的成品混合比為Ar97.5%+N2.5%,由于混合氣體中ArN多,放置一段時(shí)間后將會(huì)產(chǎn)生分層,影響氣體保護(hù)效果,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)所采用搖勺或加氣體分配器進(jìn)行配比,確保氣體保護(hù)質(zhì)量。
2.5   
環(huán)境要求
雙相不銹鋼焊接要求環(huán)境清潔。無(wú)鐵離子污染,預(yù)置工作將在室內(nèi)進(jìn)行,地面采用膠皮隔離、安裝必須做好環(huán)境保護(hù)。采用防風(fēng)防塵設(shè)施,環(huán)境溫度70℃,相對(duì)溫度≤90%,所有與雙相鋼焊接坡口相接觸的,如:焊材、工具、手套等,都必須無(wú)鐵銹污染。坡口均采用坡口機(jī)加工,坡口角度為單邊30°±2.5°,鈍邊0~ 0.5mm,單面坡口(見附圖),加工坡口不允許母材產(chǎn)生過(guò)燒變色;其兩側(cè)各50mm以內(nèi)的內(nèi)外表面要進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格清理,清理程序是磨光機(jī)打磨、丙酮(或無(wú)水乙醇)清洗,清洗后不能直接進(jìn)行焊接作業(yè),待坡口端面晾干后方可焊接作業(yè);焊絲也用沾丙酮(或無(wú)水乙醇)的海綿擦拭干凈。對(duì)鐵離子、水銹、油、灰塵、油漆、記號(hào)筆印都必須清理干凈,防止其影響化學(xué)成份和機(jī)械性能。另外,還要注意坡口形狀必須無(wú)凹凸和劃痕,這樣焊接時(shí)電弧在焊道的每一點(diǎn)上都能保證停留相同的時(shí)間,焊接線能量才能確保一致。
2.6   
焊接措施
盡量采用多層焊,因?yàn)楹罄m(xù)焊道對(duì)前層焊道有熱處理作用,焊縫中的δ相進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)化為γ相,使焊接接頭的組織和性能顯著改善,而后一道焊縫處于非工作介質(zhì)面,因?yàn)閷?duì)焊接接頭影響不大,保護(hù)氣采用Ar97.5%+N2.5%。因?yàn)楹附痈勘Wo(hù)氣體中加氮?dú)庠黾雍缚p金屬氮量,由于采用多層焊工藝,焊接材料中含N量與母材相當(dāng),而后一道焊縫處于非工作介質(zhì)面,因?yàn)閷?duì)焊接接頭影響不大,采用合適的線能量焊接,使焊接接頭得到足夠的γ相,使、N1 M有足夠的時(shí)間擴(kuò)散。
2.7   
坡口的組對(duì)及點(diǎn)焊
坡口組對(duì)前應(yīng)仔細(xì)檢查坡口管徑是否相同,錯(cuò)邊應(yīng)控制在0.5~1mm之間,并用磨光機(jī)打磨清理坡口及坡口正反面兩側(cè)50mm以內(nèi)的表面,并用丙酮擦試干凈,坡口打磨時(shí)不允許使母材產(chǎn)生過(guò)熱變色。點(diǎn)焊時(shí),應(yīng)采用與正式的焊接工藝相同的參數(shù),點(diǎn)焊長(zhǎng)度為7~8mm,高度為2~ 3mm,點(diǎn)焊點(diǎn)應(yīng)為過(guò)橋型式,不應(yīng)焊透,以防內(nèi)部氧化,點(diǎn)焊電流不宜過(guò)大,點(diǎn)焊點(diǎn)位置應(yīng)在組對(duì)管子的上部及兩側(cè),點(diǎn)固三點(diǎn),從第四點(diǎn)起焊,當(dāng)焊到點(diǎn)焊時(shí),將點(diǎn)固點(diǎn)打磨清理干凈,焊縫組對(duì)間隙應(yīng)控制在2~2.5mm,間隙不應(yīng)過(guò)大,并留有0~0.5mm的鈍邊。
2.8   
雙相不銹鋼的焊接操作
雙相不銹鋼焊接時(shí),應(yīng)采用正反面氣體保護(hù)焊,正面背面都應(yīng)采用混合氣體Ar97.5%+N2.5% 進(jìn)行保護(hù),焊接前不得在焊件表面引弧和試驗(yàn)電流,焊接時(shí)應(yīng)按指定的焊接作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書進(jìn)行施焊。在焊接前,管子兩端用布或膠皮封好,并留有進(jìn)氣孔和排氣孔,焊縫間隙用膠布貼好,并留有20~30mm的長(zhǎng)度,使管子內(nèi)部的空氣能夠排出,確保焊縫內(nèi)部的氣體保護(hù)效果。焊接時(shí),焊槍不宜擺動(dòng),手法要穩(wěn),嚴(yán)格控制線能量,盡量采用小焊絲,嚴(yán)格控制電流,弧長(zhǎng)盡量壓低控制電壓,盡量用大噴嘴,提高氣體保護(hù)效果,降底O、H污染;引、收弧避開點(diǎn)焊點(diǎn),防止產(chǎn)生二次γδ相,引弧點(diǎn)必須在焊道內(nèi)進(jìn)行,不能在母材表面引弧,防止F量超標(biāo);點(diǎn)焊點(diǎn)打磨后,封底焊焊接過(guò)程中通過(guò)觀察焊道顏色來(lái)確定焊接氣體保護(hù)效果,采用混合氣體施焊時(shí)焊道好為金黃色,稍差一些為黃銅色,盡量減少焊縫發(fā)藍(lán),杜絕焊道發(fā)灰和發(fā)黑,并嚴(yán)格控制層間溫度,控制熔池在紅熱狀態(tài)下停留時(shí)間。一般來(lái)講,只要保證在5~15s時(shí)間內(nèi)熔池由紅轉(zhuǎn)至常規(guī)顏色,就能達(dá)到要求。打底焊的層間溫度≤100℃,可用遠(yuǎn)紅外激光測(cè)溫儀測(cè)量。當(dāng)層間溫度<100℃時(shí),才能進(jìn)行下一層焊接,焊接電流不能超過(guò)打底焊的電流,焊**層必須認(rèn)真清理前一層焊道,除消除雜質(zhì)外,連氧化色也需磨去,焊縫內(nèi)部余高應(yīng)控制在0.5 ~1mm;焊縫收弧時(shí)應(yīng)將弧坑填滿,多層焊的層間接頭應(yīng)相互錯(cuò)開,如果焊接作業(yè)時(shí)不慎出現(xiàn)夾鎢時(shí),應(yīng)停止焊接作業(yè),用磨光機(jī)消除鎢點(diǎn),鎢極端部重新磨尖,達(dá)到要求后方可重新進(jìn)行焊接作業(yè),要求與開始焊接作業(yè)相同。
2.9   
焊后清理和焊接檢驗(yàn)
雙相不銹鋼的焊后清理也很重要,氧化色必須**,因?yàn)檠趸旅婢褪秦氥t層,若不去除將會(huì)導(dǎo)致耐蝕性能下降,去除氧化色可用專用不銹鋼絲刷趁熱擦刷;也可用酸或酸洗膏清洗。去除焊接飛濺,打磨收起弧點(diǎn),去除咬邊和粗毛刺。可用較細(xì)的砂輪片或拋光砂輪片研磨,杜絕粗糙打磨痕跡,否則易造成縫隙腐蝕;油污、著色劑、色筆印、灰塵均有可能成為孔腐蝕和縫隙腐蝕的起始點(diǎn),可用硝酸+氫氟酸清洗,然后清水沖洗干凈;焊工應(yīng)對(duì)焊道表面進(jìn)行清理,要求外觀良好,寬度以每邊蓋過(guò)坡口邊緣2mm為宜,角焊縫的焊腳高度符合設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)定外形平穩(wěn)過(guò)渡,焊縫不允許咬邊、裂紋、未焊透、氣孔、夾雜存在。射線探傷方法按《壓力容器無(wú)損檢測(cè)》JB4730-g4執(zhí)行,所有焊道必須進(jìn)行硬度測(cè)定,測(cè)定母材-HAZ-焊道-HAZ-母材。
3   
結(jié)束語(yǔ)
采用上述焊接工藝和焊接操作要領(lǐng),在儀征化纖45萬(wàn)噸/PTA裝置施工過(guò)程中進(jìn)行雙相不銹鋼薄壁管現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施焊,取得了焊縫連續(xù)5個(gè)月RT100%合格,年度雙相不銹鋼焊接接頭綜合合格率達(dá)到99%以上的施焊業(yè)績(jī)。

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