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西安雙相不銹鋼

日期:2024-11-23 15:50
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摘要:<span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西安雙相不銹鋼(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Duplex Stainless Steel</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,簡稱</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">DSS</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">),指鐵素體與奧氏體各約占</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">50%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,一般較少相的含量*少也需要達(dá)到</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">30%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的不銹鋼。在含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">C</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">較低的情況下,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含量在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18%~28%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ni</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含量在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3%~10%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。有些鋼還含有</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Mo</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cu</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Nb</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ti</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">等合金元素。雙相不銹鋼從</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">20</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">40</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代在美國誕生以來,已經(jīng)發(fā)展到第三代。它的主要特點是屈服強度可達(dá)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">400-550MPa</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,是普通不銹鋼的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">倍,因此可以節(jié)約用材,降低設(shè)備制造成本。西安雙相不銹鋼在抗腐蝕方面,特別是介質(zhì)環(huán)境比較惡劣(如海水,氯離子含量較高)的條件下,雙相不銹鋼的抗點蝕、縫隙腐蝕、應(yīng)力腐蝕及腐蝕疲勞性能明顯優(yōu)于普通的奧氏體不銹鋼,可以與高合金奧氏體不銹鋼媲美。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">性能特點</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">由于兩相組織的特點,通過正確控制化學(xué)成分和熱處理工藝,使雙相不銹鋼兼有鐵素體不銹鋼和奧氏體不銹鋼的優(yōu)點,它將奧氏體不銹鋼所具有的優(yōu)良韌性和焊接性與鐵素體不銹鋼所具有的較高強度和耐</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">氯化物應(yīng)力腐蝕性能結(jié)合在一起,正是這些優(yōu)越的性能使雙相不銹鋼作為可焊接的結(jié)構(gòu)材料發(fā)展迅速,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">80</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代以來已成為和馬氏體型、奧氏體型和鐵素體型不銹鋼并列的一個鋼類。西安雙相不銹鋼有以下性能特點:</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)含鉬雙相不銹鋼在低應(yīng)力下有良好的耐氯化物應(yīng)力腐蝕性能。一般</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18-8</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型奧氏體不銹鋼在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">60°C</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以上中性氯化物溶液中容易發(fā)生應(yīng)力腐蝕斷裂,在微量氯化物及硫化氫工業(yè)介質(zhì)中用這類不銹鋼制造的熱交換器、蒸發(fā)器等設(shè)備都存在著產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力腐蝕斷裂的傾向,而雙相不銹鋼卻有良好的抵抗能力。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)含鉬雙相不銹鋼有良好的耐孔蝕性能。在具有相同的孔蝕抗力當(dāng)量值(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">PRE=Cr%+3.3Mo%+16N%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)時,雙相不銹鋼與奧氏體不銹鋼的臨界孔蝕電位相仿。雙相不銹鋼與奧氏體不銹鋼耐孔蝕性能與</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AISI 316L</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相當(dāng)。含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25%Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的,尤其是含氮的高鉻雙相不銹鋼的耐孔蝕和縫隙腐蝕性能超過了</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AISI 316L</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)具有良好的耐腐蝕疲勞和磨損腐蝕性能。在某些腐蝕介質(zhì)的條件下,適用于制作泵、閥等動力設(shè)備。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">4</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)綜合力學(xué)性能好。有較高的強度和疲勞強度,屈服強度是</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18-8</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型奧氏體不銹鋼的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">倍。固溶態(tài)的延伸率達(dá)到</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,韌性值</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AK</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">V</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型槽口)在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">100J</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以上。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">5</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)可焊性良好,熱裂傾向小,一般焊前不需預(yù)熱,焊后不需熱處理,可與</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18-8</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型奧氏體不銹鋼或碳鋼等異種焊接。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">6</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)含低鉻(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18%Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)的雙相不銹鋼熱加工溫度范圍比</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18-8</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型奧氏體不銹鋼寬,抗力小,可不經(jīng)過鍛造,直接軋制開坯生產(chǎn)鋼板。含高鉻(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25%Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)的雙相不銹鋼熱加工比奧氏體不銹鋼略顯困難,可以生產(chǎn)板、管和絲等產(chǎn)品。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">7</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)冷加工時比</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18-8</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型奧氏體不銹鋼加工硬化效應(yīng)大,在管、板承受變形初期,需施加較大應(yīng)力才能變形。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">8</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)與奧氏體不銹鋼相比,導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)大,線膨脹系數(shù)小,適合用作設(shè)備的襯里和生產(chǎn)復(fù)合板。也適合制作熱交換器的管芯,換熱效率比奧氏體不銹鋼高。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">9</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)仍有高鉻鐵素體不銹鋼的各種脆性傾向,不宜用在高于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">300°C</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的工作條件。雙相不銹鋼中含鉻量愈低,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">等脆性相的危害性也愈小。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para5"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">用途</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">用于煉油、化肥、造紙、石油、化工等耐海水耐高溫濃硝酸等熱交換器和冷淋器及器件。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">4</span></span><a name="para6"></a><a name="6"></a><span style="mso-bookmark:para6;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">分類介紹</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para7"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">類屬低合金型,代表牌號</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">UNS S32304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">23Cr-4Ni-0.1N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">),鋼中不含鉬,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">PREN</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">值為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">24-25</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,在耐應(yīng)力腐蝕方面可代替</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AISI304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">或</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">316</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">使用。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">**類屬中合金型,代表牌號是</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">UNS S31803</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-0.15N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,PREN</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">值為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">32-33</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,其耐蝕性能介于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AISI 316L</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">6%Mo+N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">奧氏體不銹鋼之間。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第三類屬高合金型,一般含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25%Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,還含有鉬和氮,有的還含有銅和鎢,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)牌號</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">UNSS32550</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25Cr-6Ni-3Mo-2Cu-0.2N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">),</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">PREN</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">值為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">38-39</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,這類鋼的耐蝕性能高于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">22%Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的雙相不銹鋼。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第四類屬超級雙相不銹鋼型,含高鉬和氮,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)牌號</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">UNS&nbsp;S32750</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25Cr-7Ni-3.7Mo-0.3N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">有的也含鎢和銅</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,PREN</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">值大于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">40,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">可適用于苛刻的介質(zhì)條件</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">具有良好的耐蝕與力學(xué)綜合性</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">能,可與超級奧氏體不銹鋼相媲美。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para8"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">不銹鋼</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">不銹鋼鋼種很多,性能各異,它在發(fā)展過程中逐步形成了幾大類。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">按組織結(jié)構(gòu)分,分為馬氏不銹鋼(包括沉淀硬化不銹鋼)、鐵素體不銹鋼、奧氏體不銹鋼和奧氏體加鐵素體雙相不銹鋼等四大類;</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">按鋼中的主要化學(xué)成分或鋼中的一些特征元素來分類,分為鉻不銹鋼、鉻鎳不銹鋼、鉻鎳鉬不銹鋼以及低碳不銹鋼、高鉬不銹鋼、高純不銹鋼等;</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">按鋼的性能特點和用途分類,分為耐硝酸不銹鋼、耐硫酸不銹鋼、耐點蝕不銹鋼、耐應(yīng)力腐蝕不銹鋼、高強不銹鋼等;</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">按鋼的功能特點分類,分為低溫不銹鋼、無磁不銹鋼、易切削不銹鋼、超塑性不銹鋼等。常用的分類方法是按鋼的組織結(jié)構(gòu)特點和鋼的化學(xué)成分特點以及兩者相結(jié)合的方法分類。一般分為馬氏體不銹鋼、鐵素體不銹鋼、奧氏體不銹鋼、雙相不銹鋼和沉淀硬化型不銹鋼等,或分為鉻不銹鋼和鎳不銹鋼兩大類。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">5</span></span><a name="para9"></a><a name="9"></a><span style="mso-bookmark:para9;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">西安雙相不銹鋼焊接特性</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼具有良好的焊接性能,與鐵素體不銹鋼及奧氏體不銹鋼相比,它既不像鐵素體不銹鋼的焊接熱影響區(qū),由于晶粒嚴(yán)重粗化而使塑韌性大幅降低,也不像奧氏體不銹鋼那樣,對焊接熱裂紋比較敏感。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼由于其特殊的優(yōu)點,廣泛應(yīng)用于石油化工設(shè)備、海水與廢水處理設(shè)備、輸油輸氣管線、造紙機械等工業(yè)領(lǐng)域,近些年來也被研究用于橋梁承重結(jié)構(gòu)領(lǐng)域,具有很好的發(fā)展前景。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">節(jié)約型雙相鋼</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">"</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)的焊接性能問題。而焊接標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雙相鋼并不是一個問題,而且不論采用何種工藝,都有適合這些應(yīng)用的焊材。從金相的角度來看,焊接</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2101</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1.4162</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)根本就沒有問題,實際上它甚至要比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)級的雙相鋼更加容易焊接,因為這種材料事實上可以采用乙炔焊工藝來進行焊接,而對于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雙相鋼材料而言,始終必須避免使用這種工藝。焊接</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2101</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">所面臨的實際問題是熔池的粘度不同,因此可濕性差了一點。這迫使操作人員在焊接的過程中更加多地使用電弧焊,而這正是問題的所在。盡管可以通過選擇超合金化焊材加以彌補,但是我們經(jīng)常希望選擇匹配的焊材。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2101</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中,也存在低溫?zé)嵊绊憛^(qū)和高溫?zé)嵊绊憛^(qū)中的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)之間的熱影響區(qū)相互作用,比</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2205</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">或</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2507</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">更加有利。在以</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2101</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">進行試驗時,也已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)由于鎳含量較低,因此產(chǎn)生了含有較多氮與錳的不同類型的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">"</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">回火色</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">"</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,而這影響了腐蝕性能。在電弧和熔池中發(fā)生的這一成分損失是由于氮與錳的蒸發(fā)與熔敷,這對于雙相鋼等級的材料來說是一個新問題,因此在這次講課中將作了較多描述。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para10"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊接特點</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼其焊接特點如下:</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼在正常固溶處理</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">(1020</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1100</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃加熱并水冷</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">后</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鋼中含有大約</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">50%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">60%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">奧氏體和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">50%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">40%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鐵素體組織。隨著加熱溫度的提高,兩相比例變化并不明顯。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼具有良好的低溫沖擊韌性,如</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">20mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厚的板材橫向試樣在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">-80</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃時沖擊吸收功可達(dá)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">100J</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以上。在大多數(shù)介質(zhì)中其耐均勻腐蝕性能和耐點腐蝕性能均較好,但要注意,該類鋼在低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">950</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃熱處理時,由于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相的析出,其耐應(yīng)力腐蝕性能將顯著變壞。由于該鋼</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">當(dāng)量與</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ni</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">當(dāng)量比值適當(dāng),在高溫加熱后仍保留有較大量的一次奧氏體組織</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">又可使二次奧氏體在冷卻過程中生成</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">結(jié)果鋼中奧氏體相總量不低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">30%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">40%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">因而使鋼具有良好的耐晶間腐蝕性能。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">另外,如前所述,在焊接這種鋼時裂紋傾向很低,不須預(yù)熱和焊后熱處理。由于母材中含有較高的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,焊接近縫區(qū)不會形成單相鐵素體區(qū),奧氏體含量一般不低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">30%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。適用的焊接方法有鎢極氬弧焊和焊條電弧焊等,一般為了防止近縫區(qū)晶粒粗化,施焊時,應(yīng)盡量使用低的線能量焊接。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para11"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">影響因素</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">影響雙相不銹鋼焊接質(zhì)量的因素主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾方面:</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量影響</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Gómez de Salazar JM</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">等人研究了保護氣體中</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的不同含量對雙相不銹鋼性能的影響。結(jié)果表明,隨著混合氣體中</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分壓</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> PN2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的增加,焊縫中氮的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">ω(N)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">開始迅速增加,然后變化很小,焊縫中的鐵素體相含量</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">φ(α)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">隨</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">ω(N)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">增加呈線性下降,但</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">φ(α)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">對抗拉強度和伸長率的影響與</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">ω(N)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的影響剛好相反。同樣的鐵素體相含量</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">φ(α)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,母材的抗拉強度和伸長率均高于焊縫。這是由于顯微組織的不同所造成的。雙相不銹鋼焊縫金屬中含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> N </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量提高后可以改善接頭的沖擊韌性,這是由于增加了焊縫金屬中的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相含量,以及減少了</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr2N </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的析出。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">熱輸入影響</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">與焊縫區(qū)不同,焊接時熱影響區(qū)的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">ω(N)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">是不會發(fā)生變化的,它就是母材的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">ω(N)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,所以此時影響組織和性能的主要因素是焊接時的熱輸入。根據(jù)文獻</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,焊接時應(yīng)選擇合適的線能量。焊接時如果熱輸入太大,焊縫熱影響區(qū)范圍增大,金相組織也趨于晶粒粗大、紊亂,造成脆化,主要表現(xiàn)為焊接接頭的塑性指標(biāo)下降。如焊接熱輸入太小,造成淬硬組織并易產(chǎn)生裂紋,對</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">HAZ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的沖擊韌性同樣不利。此外,凡影響冷卻速度的因素都會影響到</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> HAZ </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的沖擊韌性,如板厚、接頭形式等。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相脆化</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">國外文獻介紹了再熱引起的雙相不銹鋼及其焊縫金屬的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相脆化問題。母材和焊縫金屬的再熱過程中,先由</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相形成細(xì)小的二次奧氏體</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ*</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,然后析出</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相。結(jié)果表明,脆性開裂都發(fā)生于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相以及基體與</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相的界面處,對母材斷口觀察表明,在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相周圍區(qū)域內(nèi)都為韌窩,由于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相區(qū)寬,大量生成的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相才會使韌性降低,然而在焊縫中</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相區(qū)是細(xì)小的,斷口仍表現(xiàn)為脆性斷裂,只要少量的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相生成就足以引起焊縫金屬韌性的降低,因此,焊縫金屬中的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相脆化傾向比母材要大得多。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">氫致裂紋</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼焊接接頭的氫脆通常發(fā)生于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相,且氫脆的敏感性隨焊接時峰值溫度的升高而增加。其微觀組織的變化為:峰值溫度增加,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相含量減少,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相含量增加,同時由</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相邊界和內(nèi)部析出的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr2N </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量增加,故極易發(fā)生氫脆。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">母材和焊縫金屬中的裂紋都起始于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α/γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">界面的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相一側(cè),并在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相內(nèi)擴展。奧氏體(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)由于其固有的低氫脆敏感性,因此,可起到阻擋裂紋擴展的作用。由于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">DSS </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中含有一定量的奧氏體,所以其應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂傾向性較小。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">點蝕問題</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">耐點蝕是雙相不銹鋼的一個重要特性,與其化學(xué)成分和微觀組織有著密切關(guān)系。點蝕一般產(chǎn)生于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α/γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">界面,因此被認(rèn)為是產(chǎn)生于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相之間的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ*</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相。這意味著</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ*</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相中的含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相。</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ*</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相與</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相的成分不同,是由于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ* </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相中</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Mo</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含量低于初始</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相中的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Mo</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含量。進一步研究表明,含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量較低的鋼,其點蝕電位對冷卻速度較為敏感。因此,在焊接含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> N </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量較低的雙相不銹鋼時,對冷卻速度的控制要求更加嚴(yán)格。在雙相不銹鋼焊接過程中,合理控制焊接線能量是獲得高質(zhì)量雙相不銹鋼接頭的關(guān)鍵。線能量過小,焊縫金屬及熱影響區(qū)的冷卻速度過快,奧氏體來不及析出,從而使組織中的鐵素體相含量增多;如線能量過大,盡管組織中能形成足量的奧氏體,但也會引起熱影響區(qū)內(nèi)的鐵素體晶粒長大以及</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相等有害相的析出。一般情況下,焊條電弧焊(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Shieded Metal Arc Welding</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SMAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)、鎢極氬弧焊(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Gas Tungsten Arc Welding</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">GTAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)、藥芯焊絲電弧焊(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Flux-Cored WireArc Welding</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">FCAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)和等離子弧焊(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Plasma Arc Welding</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">PAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)等焊接方法均可用于雙相不銹鋼的焊接,且在焊前一般不需要采取預(yù)熱措施,焊后也不需進行熱處理。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para12"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">西安雙相不銹鋼工藝提升</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1 </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">合金元素和冷卻速度</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">實驗和理論計算表明:臨界區(qū)加熱后獲得雙相組織所需的臨界冷卻速率與鋼中錳含量具有一定關(guān)系。其根鋼中存在的合金元素,就可估算獲得雙相組織所需要的臨界冷卻速率,為熱處理雙相鋼生產(chǎn)時,選擇適當(dāng)?shù)睦鋮s方法提供依據(jù)。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">當(dāng)鋼的化學(xué)成分一定時,應(yīng)在保證獲得雙相組織的前提下,盡可能采用較低的冷卻速度,使鐵素體中的碳有充分的時間擴散到奧氏體中,從而降低雙相鋼的屈服強度,提高雙相鋼的延性。如果鋼中合金元素含量較</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">4</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,臨界冷卻速度過高,冷卻后鐵素體中含有較高的固溶碳,不利于獲得優(yōu)良性能的雙相鋼,這時應(yīng)改變鋼的化學(xué)成分,增加鋼中的合金元素含量,從而降低臨界冷卻速度,或者在雙相鋼的生產(chǎn)工藝中,加入補充回火工序,降低鐵素體中的固溶碳,改善雙相鋼的性能。如果鋼中含有強的碳化物形成元素,當(dāng)估算臨界冷卻速率時,應(yīng)考慮到這些元素對臨界區(qū)加熱時所形的奧氏體淬透性和有利影響,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">V</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ti</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的碳化物粒子可以通過相界面的釘扎作用提高奧氏體的淬透性,降低臨界冷卻速度</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">.</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">兩階段冷卻工藝</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">當(dāng)鋼中合金元素含量較低時,冷卻速度較慢會得到鐵素體加珠光體組織;冷卻速度較快時,則鐵素體中保留固溶碳較高,不利于降低屈服強度和提高延性。采用兩階段冷卻可以改善雙相鋼的性能,即從臨界區(qū)加熱溫度緩冷到某一溫度,然后快冷。緩冷可以使鐵素體中的碳向未轉(zhuǎn)變的奧氏體富聚。而快冷則可以避免未轉(zhuǎn)變的奧氏體等溫分解,保證獲得所需的雙相組織和性能。例如</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">0.08%C-1.4%Mn</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鋼,從</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">800</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">加熱到水冷的力學(xué)性能為:</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ0.2=365PMa</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σb=700MPa</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ0.2/σb=0.52</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">eu=18%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">et=21%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。如采用兩階段冷卻工藝,即在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">800</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">加熱后,空冷到</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">600</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,然后水冷,其性能為:</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ0.2=280MPa</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σb=600MPa</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ0.2/σb=0.47</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">eu=21%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">et=29%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。兩階段冷卻使雙相鋼的屈服強度降低,延性提高。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相鋼板熱軋后盤卷溫度的影響</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">對于一個給定成分的鋼,臨界區(qū)加熱時奧氏體的淬透性可以通過鋼板熱軋后高溫卷來修正。高溫盤卷可使碳、錳等合金元素在**組(珠光體或貝氏體)中明顯富集。有利提高隨后臨界區(qū)處理時雙相鋼的綜合性能。以</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">0.049%C-1.99%Mn-0.028%Al-0.0019%N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鋼的試驗結(jié)果為例,采用兩種工藝過程:一種為普通扎制工藝,終軋溫度</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">900</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">;→</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">油冷到</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">600</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">盤卷</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">→</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">吹風(fēng)冷到室溫</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">→</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">冷軋</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">70%→</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">連續(xù)退火。兩種盤卷工藝的碳和錳分布的分析結(jié)果可見高溫盤卷可使碳和錳在**相中明顯富集,而普通的軋制工藝錳基本無富集趨勢。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">用高溫盤卷以修正合金含量較低的鋼在隨后臨界區(qū)處理時的淬透性,并降低熱處理雙相鋼的屈服強度,提高其延性的技術(shù),已在有關(guān)工廠用于熱處理雙相鋼的生產(chǎn),所得到的熱處理雙相鋼板綜合性能良好,板材各部位的性能均勻,縱向、橫向性能一致。例如對</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">0.09%C-0.44Si-1.54%Mn-0.023%Al</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鋼。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para13"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">限制要求</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">需要對相比例進行控制,*合適的比例是鐵素體相和奧氏體相約各占一半,其中某一相的數(shù)量*多不能超過</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">65%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,這樣才能保證有*佳的綜合性能。如果兩相比例失調(diào),例如鐵素體相數(shù)量過多,很容易在焊接</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">HAZ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">形成單相鐵素體,在某些介質(zhì)中對應(yīng)力腐蝕破裂敏感。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">需要掌握雙相不銹鋼的組織轉(zhuǎn)變規(guī)律,熟悉每一個鋼種的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">TTT</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">CCT</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">轉(zhuǎn)變曲線,這是正確指導(dǎo)制定雙相不銹鋼熱處理,熱成型等工藝的關(guān)鍵,雙相不銹鋼脆性相的析出要比奧氏體不銹鋼敏感的多。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼的連續(xù)使用溫度范圍為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">-50</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">250</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃,下限取決于鋼的脆性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度,上限受到</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">475</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃脆性的限制,上限溫度不能超過</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">300</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">4.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼固溶處理后需要快冷,緩慢冷卻會引起脆性相的析出,從而導(dǎo)致鋼的韌性,特別是耐局部腐蝕性能的下降。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">5.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">高鉻鉬雙相不銹鋼的熱加工與熱成型的下限溫度不能低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">950</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃,超級雙相不銹鋼不能低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">980</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃低鉻鉬雙相不銹鋼不能低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">900</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃,避免因脆性相的析出在加工過程造成表面裂紋</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">6.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">不能使用奧氏體不銹鋼常用的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">650-800</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃的消除應(yīng)力處理,一般采用固溶退火處理。對于在低合金鋼的表面堆焊雙相不銹鋼后,需要進行</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">600-650</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃整體消應(yīng)處理時,必須考慮到因脆性相的析出所帶來的韌性和耐腐蝕性,尤其是耐局部腐蝕性能的下降問題,盡可能縮短在這一溫度范圍內(nèi)的加熱時間。低合金鋼和雙相不銹鋼復(fù)合板的熱處理問題也要同此考慮。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">7.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">需要熟悉了解雙相不銹鋼的焊接規(guī)律,不能全部套用奧氏體不銹鋼的焊接,雙相不銹鋼的設(shè)備能否**使用與正確掌握鋼的焊接工藝有很大關(guān)系,一些設(shè)備的失效往往與焊接有關(guān)。關(guān)鍵在于線能量和層間溫度的控制,正確選擇焊接材料也很重要。焊接接頭(焊縫金屬和焊接</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">HAZ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)的兩相比例,尤其是焊接</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">HAZ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">維持必要的奧氏體數(shù)量,這對保證焊接接頭具有與母材同等的性能很重要。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">8.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在不同的腐蝕環(huán)境中選用雙相不銹鋼時,要注意鋼的耐腐蝕性總是相對的,盡管雙相不銹鋼有較好的耐局部腐蝕性能,就某一個雙相不銹鋼而言,他也是有一個適用的介質(zhì)條件范圍,包括溫度、壓力、介質(zhì)濃度、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">pH</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">值等,需要慎重加以選擇。從文獻和手冊中獲取的數(shù)據(jù)很多是實驗室的腐蝕試驗結(jié)果,往往與工程的實際條件有差距,因此在選材時需要注意,必要時需要進行在實際介質(zhì)中的腐蝕試驗或是現(xiàn)場條件下的掛片試驗,甚至模擬裝置的試驗。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">6</span></span><a name="para14"></a><a name="14"></a><span style="mso-bookmark:para14;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊材選用要求</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para15"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊材要求</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊材包括:①填充金屬;②保護氣體和背面保護氣體。分述如下。在焊態(tài)下使用的焊接結(jié)構(gòu),其焊縫金屬與母材相比應(yīng)是合金元素鎳含量較高的。這是為了保證合適的鐵素體和奧氏體的相比例。這一純焊縫金屬在焊態(tài)下,必須有這樣的成分,即能在結(jié)晶后直接均勻地形成以奧氏體為主(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">30%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">70%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)的并含有鐵素體的雙相組織。當(dāng)焊件可在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1050</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1100</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃溫度下退火時,應(yīng)該選擇與母材成分(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ni=55%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">70%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)相當(dāng)?shù)暮缚p金屬。在這種焊接工藝中,焊后占主要的鐵素體基體轉(zhuǎn)變形成了平衡的鐵素體</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">/</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">奧氏體組織。焊接雙相不銹鋼和超級雙相不銹鋼的焊材均是配套設(shè)計的(詳見表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。手工焊用的涂藥焊條既可以用鈦型藥皮焊條,也可以用堿**皮焊條。堿**皮的焊條對全位置的焊接更適宜一些,而鐵型悍條工藝性優(yōu)良,在幾乎所有的實際應(yīng)用中都可獲得滿意的效果。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">采用填充焊絲和其他焊接方法(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">GTAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">GMAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)熔敷的焊縫金屬與焊絲有類似的化學(xué)成分。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">保護氣體適用于各種氣體保護焊方法(見表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼的配套焊接材料</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">背面保護氣體用于單面焊的焊管內(nèi)部氣體保護,即可以用于工業(yè)純氬氣,也可以用于高純度氬氣(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">99.99%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。在所有情況下,氣體都應(yīng)該干燥(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">PrEN439:</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">除</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">CO2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">外,所有氣體*大不超過</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">40ppm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">露點*高</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">-50</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">CO2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中的水分*大不超過</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">200ppm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,露點*高為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">-35</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃),因該采取各種措施避免水分侵入保護氣體中。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">保護氣體和背面保護氣體對焊縫金屬的含氮量有影響。由于保護氣體中的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分壓低,可能從焊縫熔池中擴散出</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,從而使焊縫金屬氮量降低,*大可減少</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">0.05%N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。存在這種危險時,在保護氣體和背面保護氣體中必須加入</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">5%N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,以防止焊縫金屬</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">損失。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para16"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊材選用</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼用的焊材,其特點是焊縫組織為奧氏體占優(yōu)的雙相組織,主要耐蝕元素</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">(</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鉻、鉬等</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含量與母材相當(dāng),從而保證與母材相當(dāng)?shù)哪臀g性。為了保證焊縫中奧氏體的含量,通常是提高鎳和氮的含量,也就是提高約</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2% ~ 4%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的鎳當(dāng)量。在雙相不銹鋼母材中,一般都有一定量的氮含量,在焊材中也希望有一定的含氮量,但一般不宜太高,否則會產(chǎn)生氣孔。這樣鎳含量較高就成了焊材與母材的一個主要區(qū)別?! 「鶕?jù)耐腐蝕性、接頭韌性的要求不同來選擇與母材化學(xué)成分相匹配的焊條,如焊接</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr22</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型雙相不銹鋼,可選用</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr22Ni9Mo3</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型焊條,如</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">E2209</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊條。采用酸性焊條時脫渣優(yōu)良,焊縫成形美觀,但沖擊韌性較低,當(dāng)要求焊縫金屬具有較高的沖擊韌性,并需進行全位置焊接時,應(yīng)采用堿性焊條。當(dāng)根部封底焊時,通常采用堿性焊條。當(dāng)對焊縫金屬的耐腐蝕性能具有特殊要求時,還應(yīng)采用超級雙相鋼成分的堿性焊條?! τ趯嵭臍怏w保護焊焊絲,在保證焊縫金屬具有良好耐腐蝕性與力學(xué)性能的同時,還應(yīng)注意其焊接工藝性能,對于藥芯焊絲,當(dāng)要求焊縫成形美觀時,可采用金紅石型或鈦鈣型藥芯焊絲,當(dāng)要求較高的沖擊韌度或在較大的拘束度條件下焊接時,宜采用堿度較高的藥芯焊絲?! τ诼窕『敢瞬捎弥睆捷^小的焊絲,實現(xiàn)中小焊接規(guī)范下的多層多道焊,以防止焊接熱影響區(qū)及焊縫金屬的脆化,并采用配套的堿性焊劑。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">7</span></span><a name="para17"></a><a name="17"></a><span style="mso-bookmark:para17;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para18"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">西安雙相不銹鋼牌號</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我國新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">GB/T 20878-2007</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《不銹鋼和耐熱鋼牌號及化學(xué)成分》中加入了許多雙相不銹鋼牌號。如:</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">14Cr18Ni11Si4AlTi</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> 022Cr19Ni5Mo3Si2N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">12Cr21Ni5Ti</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。更多的牌號見標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">另外:有名的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2205</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相鋼相當(dāng)于我國的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">022Cr23Ni5Mo3N.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">*后,一些網(wǎng)頁甚至論文將雙相不銹鋼寫作雙向不銹鋼是錯誤的。雙相是指金相組織的有兩種,而非方向的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">“</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">向</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">”</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para19"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">西安雙相不銹鋼化學(xué)成分</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <table style="border:currentColor;border-image:none;border-collapse:collapse;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-padding-alt:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt 11.25pt;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="132" style="padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border:1pt solid #E2E5F3;border-image:none;width:99pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">鋼號</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">C≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">Mn≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">Si≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">S≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">P≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">Cr≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">Ni</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">Mo</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">Cu≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">N</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="132" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:99pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">S32750</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SAF2507</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">00Cr25Ni7Mo4N</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.03</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">1.20</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.8</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.020</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.035</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">24.0/26.0</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">6.0/8.0</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">3.0/5.0</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.50</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.24/0.32</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="132" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:99pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">S31803(SAF2205)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">00Cr22Ni5Mo3N</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.03</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">2.00</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">1.0</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.020</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.030</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">21.0/23.0</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">4.50/6.50</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">2.50/3.50</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.08/0.20</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="132" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:99pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">S31500(3RE60)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">00Cr18Ni5Mo3Siz</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.03</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">1.2/2.00</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">1.4/2.00</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.030</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.030</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">18.0/19.0</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">4.25/5.25</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">2.50/3.00</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.05/0.10</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tbody> </table> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para20"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">機械性能</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <table style="border:currentColor;border-image:none;border-collapse:collapse;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-padding-alt:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt 11.25pt;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="177" style="padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border:1pt solid #E2E5F3;border-image:none;width:132.9pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;" rowspan="2"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">鋼號</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:65.45pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;" rowspan="2"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">σb(Mpa)≥</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="86" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:64.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;" rowspan="2"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">σs(Mpa)≥</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="65" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:48.95pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;" rowspan="2"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">δ(%)≥</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="168" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:126.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;" colspan="2"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">硬度</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="82" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:61.15pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">布氏</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(HB)</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.1pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">洛氏</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(HRC)</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="177" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:132.9pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">S32750</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SAF2507</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">00Cr25Ni7Mo4N</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.45pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">800</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="86" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:64.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">550</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="65" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:48.95pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">15</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="82" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:61.15pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">310</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.1pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">32</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="177" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:132.9pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">S3180.(SAF2507)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">00Cr22Ni5Mo3N</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.45pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">620</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="86" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:64.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">450</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="65" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:48.95pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">25</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="82" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:61.15pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">290</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.1pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">30.5</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="177" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:132.9pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">S31500(3RE60)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">00Cr18Ni5Mo3Siz</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.45pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">630</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="86" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:64.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">440</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="65" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:48.95pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">30</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="82" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:61.15pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">290</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.1pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">30.5</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tbody> </table> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西安雙相不銹鋼由于具有奧氏體</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">+</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鐵素體雙相組織,且兩個相組織的含量基本相當(dāng),故兼有奧氏體不銹鋼和鐵素體不銹鋼的特點。屈服強度可達(dá)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">400Mpa ~ 550MPa</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,是普通奧氏體不銹鋼的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">倍。與鐵素體不銹鋼相比,雙相不銹鋼的韌性高,脆性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度低,耐晶間腐蝕性能和焊接性能均顯著提高;同時又保留了鐵素體不銹鋼的一些特點,如</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">475</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃脆性、熱導(dǎo)率高、線膨脹系數(shù)小,具有超塑性及磁性等。與奧氏體不銹鋼相比,雙相不銹鋼的強度高,特別是屈服強度顯著提高,且耐孔蝕性、耐應(yīng)力腐蝕、耐腐蝕疲勞等性能也有明顯的改善?! ‰p相不銹鋼按其化學(xué)成分分類,可分為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr18</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr23(</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">不含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Mo)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr22</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr25</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型四類。對于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr25</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型雙相不銹鋼又可分為普通型和超級雙相不銹鋼,其中應(yīng)用較多的是</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr22</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr25</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型。我國采用的雙相不銹鋼以瑞典產(chǎn)居多,具體牌號有:</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3RE60(Cr18</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SAF2304 (Cr23</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SAF2205 (Cr22</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SAF2507(Cr25</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span>

西安雙相不銹鋼(Duplex Stainless Steel,簡稱DSS),指鐵素體與奧氏體各約占50%,一般較少相的含量*少也需要達(dá)到30%的不銹鋼。在含C較低的情況下,Cr含量在18%~28%,Ni含量在3%~10%。有些鋼還含有Mo、Cu、Nb、TiN等合金元素。雙相不銹鋼從20世紀(jì)40年代在美國誕生以來,已經(jīng)發(fā)展到第三代。它的主要特點是屈服強度可達(dá)400-550MPa,是普通不銹鋼的2倍,因此可以節(jié)約用材,降低設(shè)備制造成本。西安雙相不銹鋼在抗腐蝕方面,特別是介質(zhì)環(huán)境比較惡劣(如海水,氯離子含量較高)的條件下,雙相不銹鋼的抗點蝕、縫隙腐蝕、應(yīng)力腐蝕及腐蝕疲勞性能明顯優(yōu)于普通的奧氏體不銹鋼,可以與高合金奧氏體不銹鋼媲美。

性能特點

由于兩相組織的特點,通過正確控制化學(xué)成分和熱處理工藝,使雙相不銹鋼兼有鐵素體不銹鋼和奧氏體不銹鋼的優(yōu)點,它將奧氏體不銹鋼所具有的優(yōu)良韌性和焊接性與鐵素體不銹鋼所具有的較高強度和耐

氯化物應(yīng)力腐蝕性能結(jié)合在一起,正是這些優(yōu)越的性能使雙相不銹鋼作為可焊接的結(jié)構(gòu)材料發(fā)展迅速,80年代以來已成為和馬氏體型、奧氏體型和鐵素體型不銹鋼并列的一個鋼類。西安雙相不銹鋼有以下性能特點:

1)含鉬雙相不銹鋼在低應(yīng)力下有良好的耐氯化物應(yīng)力腐蝕性能。一般18-8型奧氏體不銹鋼在60°C以上中性氯化物溶液中容易發(fā)生應(yīng)力腐蝕斷裂,在微量氯化物及硫化氫工業(yè)介質(zhì)中用這類不銹鋼制造的熱交換器、蒸發(fā)器等設(shè)備都存在著產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力腐蝕斷裂的傾向,而雙相不銹鋼卻有良好的抵抗能力。

2)含鉬雙相不銹鋼有良好的耐孔蝕性能。在具有相同的孔蝕抗力當(dāng)量值(PRE=Cr%+3.3Mo%+16N%)時,雙相不銹鋼與奧氏體不銹鋼的臨界孔蝕電位相仿。雙相不銹鋼與奧氏體不銹鋼耐孔蝕性能與AISI 316L相當(dāng)。含25%Cr的,尤其是含氮的高鉻雙相不銹鋼的耐孔蝕和縫隙腐蝕性能超過了AISI 316L。

3)具有良好的耐腐蝕疲勞和磨損腐蝕性能。在某些腐蝕介質(zhì)的條件下,適用于制作泵、閥等動力設(shè)備。

4)綜合力學(xué)性能好。有較高的強度和疲勞強度,屈服強度是18-8型奧氏體不銹鋼的2倍。固溶態(tài)的延伸率達(dá)到25%,韌性值AKV型槽口)在100J以上。

5)可焊性良好,熱裂傾向小,一般焊前不需預(yù)熱,焊后不需熱處理,可與18-8型奧氏體不銹鋼或碳鋼等異種焊接。

6)含低鉻(18%Cr)的雙相不銹鋼熱加工溫度范圍比18-8型奧氏體不銹鋼寬,抗力小,可不經(jīng)過鍛造,直接軋制開坯生產(chǎn)鋼板。含高鉻(25%Cr)的雙相不銹鋼熱加工比奧氏體不銹鋼略顯困難,可以生產(chǎn)板、管和絲等產(chǎn)品。

7)冷加工時比18-8型奧氏體不銹鋼加工硬化效應(yīng)大,在管、板承受變形初期,需施加較大應(yīng)力才能變形。

8)與奧氏體不銹鋼相比,導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)大,線膨脹系數(shù)小,適合用作設(shè)備的襯里和生產(chǎn)復(fù)合板。也適合制作熱交換器的管芯,換熱效率比奧氏體不銹鋼高。

9)仍有高鉻鐵素體不銹鋼的各種脆性傾向,不宜用在高于300°C的工作條件。雙相不銹鋼中含鉻量愈低,σ等脆性相的危害性也愈小。

用途

用于煉油、化肥、造紙、石油、化工等耐海水耐高溫濃硝酸等熱交換器和冷淋器及器件。

4分類介紹

雙相不銹鋼

類屬低合金型,代表牌號UNS S3230423Cr-4Ni-0.1N),鋼中不含鉬,PREN值為24-25,在耐應(yīng)力腐蝕方面可代替AISI304316使用。

**類屬中合金型,代表牌號是UNS S3180322Cr-5Ni-3Mo-0.15N,PREN值為32-33,其耐蝕性能介于AISI 316L6%Mo+N奧氏體不銹鋼之間。

第三類屬高合金型,一般含25%Cr,還含有鉬和氮,有的還含有銅和鎢,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)牌號UNSS3255025Cr-6Ni-3Mo-2Cu-0.2N),PREN值為38-39,這類鋼的耐蝕性能高于22%Cr的雙相不銹鋼。

第四類屬超級雙相不銹鋼型,含高鉬和氮,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)牌號UNS S3275025Cr-7Ni-3.7Mo-0.3N,有的也含鎢和銅,PREN值大于40,可適用于苛刻的介質(zhì)條件,具有良好的耐蝕與力學(xué)綜合性 能,可與超級奧氏體不銹鋼相媲美。

不銹鋼

不銹鋼鋼種很多,性能各異,它在發(fā)展過程中逐步形成了幾大類。

按組織結(jié)構(gòu)分,分為馬氏不銹鋼(包括沉淀硬化不銹鋼)、鐵素體不銹鋼、奧氏體不銹鋼和奧氏體加鐵素體雙相不銹鋼等四大類;

按鋼中的主要化學(xué)成分或鋼中的一些特征元素來分類,分為鉻不銹鋼、鉻鎳不銹鋼、鉻鎳鉬不銹鋼以及低碳不銹鋼、高鉬不銹鋼、高純不銹鋼等;

按鋼的性能特點和用途分類,分為耐硝酸不銹鋼、耐硫酸不銹鋼、耐點蝕不銹鋼、耐應(yīng)力腐蝕不銹鋼、高強不銹鋼等;

按鋼的功能特點分類,分為低溫不銹鋼、無磁不銹鋼、易切削不銹鋼、超塑性不銹鋼等。常用的分類方法是按鋼的組織結(jié)構(gòu)特點和鋼的化學(xué)成分特點以及兩者相結(jié)合的方法分類。一般分為馬氏體不銹鋼、鐵素體不銹鋼、奧氏體不銹鋼、雙相不銹鋼和沉淀硬化型不銹鋼等,或分為鉻不銹鋼和鎳不銹鋼兩大類。

5西安雙相不銹鋼焊接特性

雙相不銹鋼具有良好的焊接性能,與鐵素體不銹鋼及奧氏體不銹鋼相比,它既不像鐵素體不銹鋼的焊接熱影響區(qū),由于晶粒嚴(yán)重粗化而使塑韌性大幅降低,也不像奧氏體不銹鋼那樣,對焊接熱裂紋比較敏感。

雙相不銹鋼由于其特殊的優(yōu)點,廣泛應(yīng)用于石油化工設(shè)備、海水與廢水處理設(shè)備、輸油輸氣管線、造紙機械等工業(yè)領(lǐng)域,近些年來也被研究用于橋梁承重結(jié)構(gòu)領(lǐng)域,具有很好的發(fā)展前景。

節(jié)約型雙相鋼"經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)的焊接性能問題。而焊接標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雙相鋼并不是一個問題,而且不論采用何種工藝,都有適合這些應(yīng)用的焊材。從金相的角度來看,焊接21011.4162)根本就沒有問題,實際上它甚至要比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)級的雙相鋼更加容易焊接,因為這種材料事實上可以采用乙炔焊工藝來進行焊接,而對于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雙相鋼材料而言,始終必須避免使用這種工藝。焊接2101所面臨的實際問題是熔池的粘度不同,因此可濕性差了一點。這迫使操作人員在焊接的過程中更加多地使用電弧焊,而這正是問題的所在。盡管可以通過選擇超合金化焊材加以彌補,但是我們經(jīng)常希望選擇匹配的焊材。

2101中,也存在低溫?zé)嵊绊憛^(qū)和高溫?zé)嵊绊憛^(qū)中的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)之間的熱影響區(qū)相互作用,比2304、22052507更加有利。在以2101進行試驗時,也已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)由于鎳含量較低,因此產(chǎn)生了含有較多氮與錳的不同類型的"回火色",而這影響了腐蝕性能。在電弧和熔池中發(fā)生的這一成分損失是由于氮與錳的蒸發(fā)與熔敷,這對于雙相鋼等級的材料來說是一個新問題,因此在這次講課中將作了較多描述。

焊接特點

雙相不銹鋼其焊接特點如下:

雙相不銹鋼在正常固溶處理(1020℃~1100℃加熱并水冷),鋼中含有大約50%60%奧氏體和50%40%鐵素體組織。隨著加熱溫度的提高,兩相比例變化并不明顯。

雙相不銹鋼具有良好的低溫沖擊韌性,如20mm厚的板材橫向試樣在-80℃時沖擊吸收功可達(dá)100J以上。在大多數(shù)介質(zhì)中其耐均勻腐蝕性能和耐點腐蝕性能均較好,但要注意,該類鋼在低于950℃熱處理時,由于σ相的析出,其耐應(yīng)力腐蝕性能將顯著變壞。由于該鋼Cr當(dāng)量與Ni當(dāng)量比值適當(dāng),在高溫加熱后仍保留有較大量的一次奧氏體組織,又可使二次奧氏體在冷卻過程中生成,結(jié)果鋼中奧氏體相總量不低于30%40%因而使鋼具有良好的耐晶間腐蝕性能。

另外,如前所述,在焊接這種鋼時裂紋傾向很低,不須預(yù)熱和焊后熱處理。由于母材中含有較高的N,焊接近縫區(qū)不會形成單相鐵素體區(qū),奧氏體含量一般不低于30%。適用的焊接方法有鎢極氬弧焊和焊條電弧焊等,一般為了防止近縫區(qū)晶粒粗化,施焊時,應(yīng)盡量使用低的線能量焊接。

影響因素

影響雙相不銹鋼焊接質(zhì)量的因素主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾方面:

N量影響

Gómez de Salazar JM等人研究了保護氣體中 N2的不同含量對雙相不銹鋼性能的影響。結(jié)果表明,隨著混合氣體中 N2分壓 PN2的增加,焊縫中氮的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)ω(N)開始迅速增加,然后變化很小,焊縫中的鐵素體相含量φ(α)ω(N)增加呈線性下降,但φ(α)對抗拉強度和伸長率的影響與ω(N)的影響剛好相反。同樣的鐵素體相含量φ(α),母材的抗拉強度和伸長率均高于焊縫。這是由于顯微組織的不同所造成的。雙相不銹鋼焊縫金屬中含 N 量提高后可以改善接頭的沖擊韌性,這是由于增加了焊縫金屬中的γ相含量,以及減少了Cr2N 的析出。

熱輸入影響

與焊縫區(qū)不同,焊接時熱影響區(qū)的ω(N)是不會發(fā)生變化的,它就是母材的ω(N),所以此時影響組織和性能的主要因素是焊接時的熱輸入。根據(jù)文獻 ,焊接時應(yīng)選擇合適的線能量。焊接時如果熱輸入太大,焊縫熱影響區(qū)范圍增大,金相組織也趨于晶粒粗大、紊亂,造成脆化,主要表現(xiàn)為焊接接頭的塑性指標(biāo)下降。如焊接熱輸入太小,造成淬硬組織并易產(chǎn)生裂紋,對HAZ的沖擊韌性同樣不利。此外,凡影響冷卻速度的因素都會影響到 HAZ 的沖擊韌性,如板厚、接頭形式等。

σ相脆化

國外文獻介紹了再熱引起的雙相不銹鋼及其焊縫金屬的σ相脆化問題。母材和焊縫金屬的再熱過程中,先由α相形成細(xì)小的二次奧氏體γ*,然后析出σ相。結(jié)果表明,脆性開裂都發(fā)生于σ相以及基體與σ相的界面處,對母材斷口觀察表明,在σ相周圍區(qū)域內(nèi)都為韌窩,由于α相區(qū)寬,大量生成的σ相才會使韌性降低,然而在焊縫中α相區(qū)是細(xì)小的,斷口仍表現(xiàn)為脆性斷裂,只要少量的σ相生成就足以引起焊縫金屬韌性的降低,因此,焊縫金屬中的σ相脆化傾向比母材要大得多。

氫致裂紋

雙相不銹鋼焊接接頭的氫脆通常發(fā)生于α相,且氫脆的敏感性隨焊接時峰值溫度的升高而增加。其微觀組織的變化為:峰值溫度增加,γ相含量減少,α相含量增加,同時由α相邊界和內(nèi)部析出的Cr2N 量增加,故極易發(fā)生氫脆。

應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂

母材和焊縫金屬中的裂紋都起始于α/γ界面的α相一側(cè),并在α相內(nèi)擴展。奧氏體(γ)由于其固有的低氫脆敏感性,因此,可起到阻擋裂紋擴展的作用。由于DSS 中含有一定量的奧氏體,所以其應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂傾向性較小。

點蝕問題

耐點蝕是雙相不銹鋼的一個重要特性,與其化學(xué)成分和微觀組織有著密切關(guān)系。點蝕一般產(chǎn)生于α/γ界面,因此被認(rèn)為是產(chǎn)生于γ相和α相之間的γ*相。這意味著γ*相中的含Cr量低于γ相。γ*相與γ相的成分不同,是由于γ* 相中 Cr Mo含量低于初始γ相中的Cr、Mo含量。進一步研究表明,含N量較低的鋼,其點蝕電位對冷卻速度較為敏感。因此,在焊接含 N 量較低的雙相不銹鋼時,對冷卻速度的控制要求更加嚴(yán)格。在雙相不銹鋼焊接過程中,合理控制焊接線能量是獲得高質(zhì)量雙相不銹鋼接頭的關(guān)鍵。線能量過小,焊縫金屬及熱影響區(qū)的冷卻速度過快,奧氏體來不及析出,從而使組織中的鐵素體相含量增多;如線能量過大,盡管組織中能形成足量的奧氏體,但也會引起熱影響區(qū)內(nèi)的鐵素體晶粒長大以及σ相等有害相的析出。一般情況下,焊條電弧焊(Shieded Metal Arc WeldingSMAW)、鎢極氬弧焊(Gas Tungsten Arc Welding,GTAW)、藥芯焊絲電弧焊(Flux-Cored WireArc Welding,FCAW)和等離子弧焊(Plasma Arc WeldingPAW)等焊接方法均可用于雙相不銹鋼的焊接,且在焊前一般不需要采取預(yù)熱措施,焊后也不需進行熱處理。

西安雙相不銹鋼工藝提升

1 合金元素和冷卻速度

實驗和理論計算表明:臨界區(qū)加熱后獲得雙相組織所需的臨界冷卻速率與鋼中錳含量具有一定關(guān)系。其根鋼中存在的合金元素,就可估算獲得雙相組織所需要的臨界冷卻速率,為熱處理雙相鋼生產(chǎn)時,選擇適當(dāng)?shù)睦鋮s方法提供依據(jù)。

當(dāng)鋼的化學(xué)成分一定時,應(yīng)在保證獲得雙相組織的前提下,盡可能采用較低的冷卻速度,使鐵素體中的碳有充分的時間擴散到奧氏體中,從而降低雙相鋼的屈服強度,提高雙相鋼的延性。如果鋼中合金元素含量較4,臨界冷卻速度過高,冷卻后鐵素體中含有較高的固溶碳,不利于獲得優(yōu)良性能的雙相鋼,這時應(yīng)改變鋼的化學(xué)成分,增加鋼中的合金元素含量,從而降低臨界冷卻速度,或者在雙相鋼的生產(chǎn)工藝中,加入補充回火工序,降低鐵素體中的固溶碳,改善雙相鋼的性能。如果鋼中含有強的碳化物形成元素,當(dāng)估算臨界冷卻速率時,應(yīng)考慮到這些元素對臨界區(qū)加熱時所形的奧氏體淬透性和有利影響,VTi的碳化物粒子可以通過相界面的釘扎作用提高奧氏體的淬透性,降低臨界冷卻速度.

2.兩階段冷卻工藝

當(dāng)鋼中合金元素含量較低時,冷卻速度較慢會得到鐵素體加珠光體組織;冷卻速度較快時,則鐵素體中保留固溶碳較高,不利于降低屈服強度和提高延性。采用兩階段冷卻可以改善雙相鋼的性能,即從臨界區(qū)加熱溫度緩冷到某一溫度,然后快冷。緩冷可以使鐵素體中的碳向未轉(zhuǎn)變的奧氏體富聚。而快冷則可以避免未轉(zhuǎn)變的奧氏體等溫分解,保證獲得所需的雙相組織和性能。例如0.08%C-1.4%Mn鋼,從800;加熱到水冷的力學(xué)性能為:σ0.2=365PMa,σb=700MPaσ0.2/σb=0.52,eu=18%,et=21%。如采用兩階段冷卻工藝,即在800;加熱后,空冷到600;,然后水冷,其性能為:σ0.2=280MPa,σb=600MPa,σ0.2/σb=0.47,eu=21%et=29%。兩階段冷卻使雙相鋼的屈服強度降低,延性提高。

3.雙相鋼板熱軋后盤卷溫度的影響

對于一個給定成分的鋼,臨界區(qū)加熱時奧氏體的淬透性可以通過鋼板熱軋后高溫卷來修正。高溫盤卷可使碳、錳等合金元素在**組(珠光體或貝氏體)中明顯富集。有利提高隨后臨界區(qū)處理時雙相鋼的綜合性能。以0.049%C-1.99%Mn-0.028%Al-0.0019%N鋼的試驗結(jié)果為例,采用兩種工藝過程:一種為普通扎制工藝,終軋溫度900;→油冷到600;盤卷吹風(fēng)冷到室溫冷軋70%→連續(xù)退火。兩種盤卷工藝的碳和錳分布的分析結(jié)果可見高溫盤卷可使碳和錳在**相中明顯富集,而普通的軋制工藝錳基本無富集趨勢。

用高溫盤卷以修正合金含量較低的鋼在隨后臨界區(qū)處理時的淬透性,并降低熱處理雙相鋼的屈服強度,提高其延性的技術(shù),已在有關(guān)工廠用于熱處理雙相鋼的生產(chǎn),所得到的熱處理雙相鋼板綜合性能良好,板材各部位的性能均勻,縱向、橫向性能一致。例如對0.09%C-0.44Si-1.54%Mn-0.023%Al鋼。

限制要求

1.需要對相比例進行控制,*合適的比例是鐵素體相和奧氏體相約各占一半,其中某一相的數(shù)量*多不能超過65%,這樣才能保證有*佳的綜合性能。如果兩相比例失調(diào),例如鐵素體相數(shù)量過多,很容易在焊接HAZ形成單相鐵素體,在某些介質(zhì)中對應(yīng)力腐蝕破裂敏感。

2.需要掌握雙相不銹鋼的組織轉(zhuǎn)變規(guī)律,熟悉每一個鋼種的TTTCCT轉(zhuǎn)變曲線,這是正確指導(dǎo)制定雙相不銹鋼熱處理,熱成型等工藝的關(guān)鍵,雙相不銹鋼脆性相的析出要比奧氏體不銹鋼敏感的多。

3.雙相不銹鋼的連續(xù)使用溫度范圍為-50250℃,下限取決于鋼的脆性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度,上限受到475℃脆性的限制,上限溫度不能超過300℃。

4.雙相不銹鋼固溶處理后需要快冷,緩慢冷卻會引起脆性相的析出,從而導(dǎo)致鋼的韌性,特別是耐局部腐蝕性能的下降。

5.高鉻鉬雙相不銹鋼的熱加工與熱成型的下限溫度不能低于950℃,超級雙相不銹鋼不能低于980℃低鉻鉬雙相不銹鋼不能低于900℃,避免因脆性相的析出在加工過程造成表面裂紋

6.不能使用奧氏體不銹鋼常用的650-800℃的消除應(yīng)力處理,一般采用固溶退火處理。對于在低合金鋼的表面堆焊雙相不銹鋼后,需要進行600-650℃整體消應(yīng)處理時,必須考慮到因脆性相的析出所帶來的韌性和耐腐蝕性,尤其是耐局部腐蝕性能的下降問題,盡可能縮短在這一溫度范圍內(nèi)的加熱時間。低合金鋼和雙相不銹鋼復(fù)合板的熱處理問題也要同此考慮。

7.需要熟悉了解雙相不銹鋼的焊接規(guī)律,不能全部套用奧氏體不銹鋼的焊接,雙相不銹鋼的設(shè)備能否**使用與正確掌握鋼的焊接工藝有很大關(guān)系,一些設(shè)備的失效往往與焊接有關(guān)。關(guān)鍵在于線能量和層間溫度的控制,正確選擇焊接材料也很重要。焊接接頭(焊縫金屬和焊接HAZ)的兩相比例,尤其是焊接HAZ維持必要的奧氏體數(shù)量,這對保證焊接接頭具有與母材同等的性能很重要。

8.在不同的腐蝕環(huán)境中選用雙相不銹鋼時,要注意鋼的耐腐蝕性總是相對的,盡管雙相不銹鋼有較好的耐局部腐蝕性能,就某一個雙相不銹鋼而言,他也是有一個適用的介質(zhì)條件范圍,包括溫度、壓力、介質(zhì)濃度、pH值等,需要慎重加以選擇。從文獻和手冊中獲取的數(shù)據(jù)很多是實驗室的腐蝕試驗結(jié)果,往往與工程的實際條件有差距,因此在選材時需要注意,必要時需要進行在實際介質(zhì)中的腐蝕試驗或是現(xiàn)場條件下的掛片試驗,甚至模擬裝置的試驗。

6焊材選用要求

焊材要求

焊材包括:①填充金屬;②保護氣體和背面保護氣體。分述如下。在焊態(tài)下使用的焊接結(jié)構(gòu),其焊縫金屬與母材相比應(yīng)是合金元素鎳含量較高的。這是為了保證合適的鐵素體和奧氏體的相比例。這一純焊縫金屬在焊態(tài)下,必須有這樣的成分,即能在結(jié)晶后直接均勻地形成以奧氏體為主(30%70%)的并含有鐵素體的雙相組織。當(dāng)焊件可在10501100℃溫度下退火時,應(yīng)該選擇與母材成分(Ni=55%70%)相當(dāng)?shù)暮缚p金屬。在這種焊接工藝中,焊后占主要的鐵素體基體轉(zhuǎn)變形成了平衡的鐵素體/奧氏體組織。焊接雙相不銹鋼和超級雙相不銹鋼的焊材均是配套設(shè)計的(詳見表1和表2)。手工焊用的涂藥焊條既可以用鈦型藥皮焊條,也可以用堿**皮焊條。堿**皮的焊條對全位置的焊接更適宜一些,而鐵型悍條工藝性優(yōu)良,在幾乎所有的實際應(yīng)用中都可獲得滿意的效果。

采用填充焊絲和其他焊接方法(GTAW、GMAW、SAW)熔敷的焊縫金屬與焊絲有類似的化學(xué)成分。

保護氣體適用于各種氣體保護焊方法(見表3)。

1雙相不銹鋼的配套焊接材料

背面保護氣體用于單面焊的焊管內(nèi)部氣體保護,即可以用于工業(yè)純氬氣,也可以用于高純度氬氣(99.99%)。在所有情況下,氣體都應(yīng)該干燥(PrEN439:CO2外,所有氣體*大不超過40ppm露點*高-50℃,CO2中的水分*大不超過200ppm,露點*高為-35℃),因該采取各種措施避免水分侵入保護氣體中。

保護氣體和背面保護氣體對焊縫金屬的含氮量有影響。由于保護氣體中的N2分壓低,可能從焊縫熔池中擴散出N2,從而使焊縫金屬氮量降低,*大可減少0.05%N2。存在這種危險時,在保護氣體和背面保護氣體中必須加入5%N2,以防止焊縫金屬N2損失。

焊材選用

雙相不銹鋼用的焊材,其特點是焊縫組織為奧氏體占優(yōu)的雙相組織,主要耐蝕元素(鉻、鉬等)含量與母材相當(dāng),從而保證與母材相當(dāng)?shù)哪臀g性。為了保證焊縫中奧氏體的含量,通常是提高鎳和氮的含量,也就是提高約2% ~ 4%的鎳當(dāng)量。在雙相不銹鋼母材中,一般都有一定量的氮含量,在焊材中也希望有一定的含氮量,但一般不宜太高,否則會產(chǎn)生氣孔。這樣鎳含量較高就成了焊材與母材的一個主要區(qū)別?! 「鶕?jù)耐腐蝕性、接頭韌性的要求不同來選擇與母材化學(xué)成分相匹配的焊條,如焊接Cr22型雙相不銹鋼,可選用Cr22Ni9Mo3型焊條,如E2209焊條。采用酸性焊條時脫渣優(yōu)良,焊縫成形美觀,但沖擊韌性較低,當(dāng)要求焊縫金屬具有較高的沖擊韌性,并需進行全位置焊接時,應(yīng)采用堿性焊條。當(dāng)根部封底焊時,通常采用堿性焊條。當(dāng)對焊縫金屬的耐腐蝕性能具有特殊要求時,還應(yīng)采用超級雙相鋼成分的堿性焊條?! τ趯嵭臍怏w保護焊焊絲,在保證焊縫金屬具有良好耐腐蝕性與力學(xué)性能的同時,還應(yīng)注意其焊接工藝性能,對于藥芯焊絲,當(dāng)要求焊縫成形美觀時,可采用金紅石型或鈦鈣型藥芯焊絲,當(dāng)要求較高的沖擊韌度或在較大的拘束度條件下焊接時,宜采用堿度較高的藥芯焊絲。  對于埋弧焊宜采用直徑較小的焊絲,實現(xiàn)中小焊接規(guī)范下的多層多道焊,以防止焊接熱影響區(qū)及焊縫金屬的脆化,并采用配套的堿性焊劑。

7國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

西安雙相不銹鋼牌號

我國新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB/T 20878-2007《不銹鋼和耐熱鋼牌號及化學(xué)成分》中加入了許多雙相不銹鋼牌號。如:14Cr18Ni11Si4AlTi、 022Cr19Ni5Mo3Si2N、12Cr21Ni5Ti。更多的牌號見標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

另外:有名的2205雙相鋼相當(dāng)于我國的022Cr23Ni5Mo3N.

*后,一些網(wǎng)頁甚至論文將雙相不銹鋼寫作雙向不銹鋼是錯誤的。雙相是指金相組織的有兩種,而非方向的。

西安雙相不銹鋼化學(xué)成分

鋼號

C≤

Mn≤

Si≤

S≤

P≤

Cr≤

Ni

Mo

Cu≤

N

S32750SAF2507

00Cr25Ni7Mo4N

0.03

1.20

0.8

0.020

0.035

24.0/26.0

6.0/8.0

3.0/5.0

0.50

0.24/0.32

S31803(SAF2205)

00Cr22Ni5Mo3N

0.03

2.00

1.0

0.020

0.030

21.0/23.0

4.50/6.50

2.50/3.50

0.08/0.20

S31500(3RE60)

00Cr18Ni5Mo3Siz

0.03

1.2/2.00

1.4/2.00

0.030

0.030

18.0/19.0

4.25/5.25

2.50/3.00

0.05/0.10

機械性能

鋼號

σb(Mpa)≥

σs(Mpa)≥

δ(%)≥

硬度

布氏(HB)

洛氏(HRC)

S32750SAF2507

00Cr25Ni7Mo4N

800

550

15

310

32

S3180.(SAF2507)

00Cr22Ni5Mo3N

620

450

25

290

30.5

S31500(3RE60)

00Cr18Ni5Mo3Siz

630

440

30

290

30.5

西安雙相不銹鋼由于具有奧氏體+鐵素體雙相組織,且兩個相組織的含量基本相當(dāng),故兼有奧氏體不銹鋼和鐵素體不銹鋼的特點。屈服強度可達(dá)400Mpa ~ 550MPa,是普通奧氏體不銹鋼的2倍。與鐵素體不銹鋼相比,雙相不銹鋼的韌性高,脆性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度低,耐晶間腐蝕性能和焊接性能均顯著提高;同時又保留了鐵素體不銹鋼的一些特點,如475℃脆性、熱導(dǎo)率高、線膨脹系數(shù)小,具有超塑性及磁性等。與奧氏體不銹鋼相比,雙相不銹鋼的強度高,特別是屈服強度顯著提高,且耐孔蝕性、耐應(yīng)力腐蝕、耐腐蝕疲勞等性能也有明顯的改善?! ‰p相不銹鋼按其化學(xué)成分分類,可分為Cr18型、Cr23(不含Mo)型、Cr22型和Cr25型四類。對于Cr25型雙相不銹鋼又可分為普通型和超級雙相不銹鋼,其中應(yīng)用較多的是Cr22型和Cr25型。我國采用的雙相不銹鋼以瑞典產(chǎn)居多,具體牌號有:3RE60(Cr18),SAF2304 (Cr23)SAF2205 (Cr22),SAF2507(Cr25)。

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